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| − | {{RCL}}
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| − | {{IPA notice}}
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| − | '''Guangdong Romanization''' refers to the four romanization schemes published by the [[Guangdong]] Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating [[Cantonese]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], and [[Hainanese]]. The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties.
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| − | In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles [[pinyin]] in its distinction of the [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] [[Syllable#Onset|initial]]s ''z'', ''c'', ''s'' from the [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] initials ''j'', ''q'', ''x'', and in its use of ''b'', ''d'', ''g'' to represent the unaspirated [[stop consonant]]s {{IPA|/p t k/}}. In addition, it makes use of the [[Syllable#Medial and final|medial]] ''u'' before the [[syllable#rime|rime]] rather than representing it as ''w'' in the initial when it follows ''g'' or ''k''.
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| − | Guangdong romanization makes use of [[diacritic]]s to represent certain vowels. This includes the use of the [[circumflex]], [[acute accent]], and [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] in the letters ''ê'', ''é'', and ''ü'', respectively. In addition, it uses ''-b'', ''-d'', ''-g'' to represent the [[syllable#coda|coda consonants]] {{IPA|/p t k/}} rather than ''-p'', ''-t'', ''-k'' like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated plosives in the initial. [[Tone (linguistics)|Tone]]s are marked by [[Subscript and superscript|superscript]] numbers rather than by diacritics.
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| − | ==Cantonese==
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| − | The scheme for [[Standard Cantonese|Cantonese]] is outlined in "The Cantonese Transliteration Scheme" ({{zh|s=广州话拼音方案|t=廣州話拼音方案|p=Guǎngzhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn}}). It is referred to as the '''Canton Romanization''' on the [[LSHK]] [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ character database]. The system is not used in Hong Kong where romanization schemes such as [[Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation|Hong Kong Government]], [[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Yale]], [[Cantonese Pinyin]] and [[Jyutping]] are popular, though it can be seen in works released in the [[People's Republic of China]] regarding Cantonese.
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| − | ===Initials===
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| − | |-
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| − | |b<br />{{IPA|/p/}}
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| − | |p<br />{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
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| − | |m<br />{{IPA|/m/}}
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| − | |f<br />{{IPA|/f/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |d<br />{{IPA|/t/}}
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| − | |t<br />{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
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| − | |n<br />{{IPA|/n/}}
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| − | |l<br />{{IPA|/l/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |g<br />{{IPA|/k/}}
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| − | |k<br />{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
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| − | |ng<br />{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
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| − | |h<br />{{IPA|/h/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |z<br />{{IPA|/ts/}}
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| − | |c<br />{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
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| − | |s<br />{{IPA|/s/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |j<br />{{IPA|/tɕ/}}
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| − | |q<br />{{IPA|/tɕʰ/}}
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| − | |x<br />{{IPA|/ɕ/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |y<br />{{IPA|/j/}}
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| − | |w<br />{{IPA|/w/}}
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| − | |}
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| − | Unlike the other Cantonese romanization schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the [[alveolar consonant]]s ''z'', ''c'', ''s'' and the [[alveolo-palatal consonant]]s ''j'', ''q'', ''x''. Cantonese typically does not differentiate these two types of consonants because they are [[allophone]]s that occur in [[complementary distribution]]s. However, speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization scheme attempts to reflect this.
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| − | * ''z'', ''c'', and ''s'' are used before finals beginning with ''a'', ''e'', ''o'', ''u'', ''ê'', and ''é''.{{fact|date=November 2013}}
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| − | * ''j'', ''q'', and ''x'' are used before finals beginning with ''i'' and ''ü''.{{fact|date=November 2013}}
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| − | Some publications may not bother with this distinction and will choose just one set or the other to represent these consonants.
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| − | ===Finals===
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| − | Finals consist of an optional medial and an obligatory rime.
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| − | ====Medials====
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| − | The only recognized medial [[glide (linguistics)|glide]] in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is ''u'', which occurs in syllables with initials ''g'' or ''k'' and rimes that begin with ''a'', ''e'', ''i'', or ''o''. In other romanization schemes, this medial is usually grouped along with the initial as ''gw'' and ''kw'', but Guangdong romanization attempts to preserve it as a medial. For simplicity, the ''u'' is sometimes grouped with the initials anyway as ''gu'' and ''ku''.
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| − | The ''u'' medial can occur without an initial, but in that case it is considered the same as the initial ''w''. The same is true for the medial ''i'', which is only recognized as the initial ''y''.
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| − | ====Rimes====
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| − | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
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| − | |-
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| − | |a<br />{{IPA|/aː/}}
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| − | |ai<br />{{IPA|/aːi/}}
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| − | |ao<br />{{IPA|/aːu/}}
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| − | |am<br />{{IPA|/aːm/}}
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| − | |an<br />{{IPA|/aːn/}}
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| − | |ang<br />{{IPA|/aːŋ/}}
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| − | |ab<br />{{IPA|/aːp/}}
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| − | |ad<br />{{IPA|/aːt/}}
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| − | |ag<br />{{IPA|/aːk/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |ei<br />{{IPA|/ɐi/}}
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| − | |eo<br />{{IPA|/ɐu/}}
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| − | |em<br />{{IPA|/ɐm/}}
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| − | |en<br />{{IPA|/ɐn/}}
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| − | |eng<br />{{IPA|/ɐŋ/}}
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| − | |eb<br />{{IPA|/ɐp/}}
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| − | |ed<br />{{IPA|/ɐt/}}
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| − | |eg<br />{{IPA|/ɐk/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |é<br />{{IPA|/ɛː/}}
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| − | |éi<br />{{IPA|/ei/}}
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| − | |éng<br />{{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}}
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| − | |ég<br />{{IPA|/ɛːk/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |i<br />{{IPA|/iː/}}
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| − | |iu<br />{{IPA|/iːu/}}
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| − | |im<br />{{IPA|/iːm/}}
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| − | |in<br />{{IPA|/iːn/}}
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| − | |ing<br />{{IPA|/eŋ/}}
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| − | |ib<br />{{IPA|/iːp/}}
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| − | |id<br />{{IPA|/iːt/}}
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| − | |ig<br />{{IPA|/ek/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |o<br />{{IPA|/ɔː/}}
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| − | |oi<br />{{IPA|/ɔːi/}}
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| − | |ou<br />{{IPA|/ou/}}
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| − | |on<br />{{IPA|/ɔːn/}}
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| − | |ong<br />{{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}}
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| − | |od<br />{{IPA|/ɔːt/}}
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| − | |og<br />{{IPA|/ɔːk/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |u<br />{{IPA|/uː/}}
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| − | |ui<br />{{IPA|/uːi/}}
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| − | |un<br />{{IPA|/uːn/}}
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| − | |ung<br />{{IPA|/oŋ/}}
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| − | |ud<br />{{IPA|/uːt/}}
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| − | |ug<br />{{IPA|/ok/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |ê<br />{{IPA|/œː/}}
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| − | |êu<br />{{IPA|/ɵy/}}
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| − | |ên<br />{{IPA|/ɵn/}}
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| − | |êng<br />{{IPA|/œːŋ/}}
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| − | |êd<br />{{IPA|/ɵt/}}
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| − | |êg<br />{{IPA|/œːk/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |ü<br />{{IPA|/yː/}}
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| − | |ün<br />{{IPA|/yːn/}}
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| − | |üd<br />{{IPA|/yːt/}}
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| − | |-
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| − | |m<br />{{IPA|/m̩/}}
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| − | |ng<br />{{IPA|/ŋ̩/}}
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| − | |}
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| − | * When ''i'' begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, ''y'' is used as the initial.
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| − | * When ''u'' begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, ''w'' is used as the initial.
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| − | * When ''ü'' begins a rime in a syllable that has no initial, ''y'' is used as the initial and the umlaut is omitted.
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| − | * When ''ü'' begins a rime in a syllable with initial ''j'', ''q'', or ''x'', the umlaut is omitted.
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| − | * The rime ''êu'' may be also written as ''êü'' (with the umlaut over the ''u''), in accord with its pronunciation.
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| − | * The rimes ''m'' and ''ng'' can only be used as standalone [[nasal stop|nasal]] syllables.
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| − | ===Tones===
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| − | There are nine [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]] in six distinct [[tone contour]]s in Cantonese.
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| − | In Guangdong Romanization, one may represent the entering (入 ''rù'') tones either together with tones 1, 3, and 6, as in the other Cantonese romanization schemes, or separately as tones 7, 8, and 9. Syllables with entering tones correspond to those ending in ''-b'', ''-d'', or ''-g''.
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| − | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| − | ![[Tone name]]
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| − | !Yīn Píng
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| − | (陰平)||Yīn Shàng
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| − | (陰上)||Yīn Qù
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| − | (陰去)
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| − | !Yáng Píng
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| − | (陽平)||Yáng Shàng
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| − | (陽上)||Yáng Qù
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| − | (陽去)
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| − | !Yīn Rù
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| − | (陰入)||Zhōng Rù
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| − | (中入)||Yáng Rù
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| − | (陽入)
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| − | |-
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| − | !Tone name in English
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| − | |high level or high falling||mid rising||mid level
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| − | |low falling||low rising||low level
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| − | |entering high level||entering mid level||entering low level
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| − | |-
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| − | ![[Tone contour|Contour]]
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| − | |55 / 53||35||33
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| − | |21 / 11||13||22
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| − | |5||3||2
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| − | |-
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| − | !Number
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| − | |1||2||3
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| − | |4||5||6
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| − | |1 (7)||3 (8)||6 (9)
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| − | |-
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| − | !Simplified tone markers
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| − | | | |(or no marker) ||/||-
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| − | |\||=||_
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| − | | | |' ''or'' '||-'||_'
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| − | |-
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| − | !Character Example
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| − | |分||粉||訓
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| − | |焚||奮||份
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| − | |忽||發||佛
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| − | |-
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| − | !Example
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| − | |fen<sup>1</sup>||fen<sup>2</sup>||fen<sup>3</sup>
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| − | |fen<sup>4</sup>||fen<sup>5</sup>||fen<sup>6</sup>
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| − | |fed<sup>1</sup>||fad<sup>3</sup>||fed<sup>6</sup>
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| − | |-
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| − | !Example with simplified tone markers
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| − | | | fen| ''or'' fen ||fen/||fen-
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| − | |fen\||fen=||fen_
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| − | | | fed|' ''or'' fed'||fad-'||fed_'
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| − | |}
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| − | ===Examples===
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| − | {|class="wikitable"
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| − | |-
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| − | ![[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional]]
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| − | ![[Simplified Chinese character|Simplified]]
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| − | !Romanization
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| − | |-
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| − | |廣州話
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| − | |广州话
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| − | |guong<sup>2</sup> zeo<sup>1</sup> wa<sup>2</sup>
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| − | |-
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| − | |粵語
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| − | |粤语
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| − | |yud<sup>6</sup> (or yud<sup>9</sup>) yu<sup>5</sup>
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| − | |-
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| − | |你好
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| − | |你好
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| − | |néi<sup>5</sup> hou<sup>2</sup>
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| − | |}
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| − | ==Teochew==
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| − | {{Main|Peng'im}}
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| − | The scheme for the [[Teochew dialect]] of [[Min Nan]] is outlined in "The Teochew Transliteration Scheme" ({{zh|s="潮州话拼音方案"|t=〈潮州話拼音方案〉|p=Cháozhōuhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn}}). This scheme (and another similar scheme which is based upon this scheme) is often referred to as '''Peng'im''', which is the Teochew pronunciation of ''pinyin''.
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| − | This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the [[Teochew dialect]] article.
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| − | ==Hakka==
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| − | The scheme for [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] is outlined in "The Hakka Transliteration Scheme" ({{zh|s=《客家话拼音方案》|t=《客家話拼音方案》|p=Kèjiāhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn}}). The scheme describes the [[Meixian District|Meixian]] dialect, which is generally regarded as the de facto standard dialect of Hakka in mainland China.
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| − | This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the [[Hakka Chinese]] article.
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| − | ==Hainanese==
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| − | The scheme for [[Hainanese]] is outlined in the "Hainanese Transliteration Scheme" ({{zh|s=《海南话拼音方案》|t=《海南話拼音方案》|p=Hǎinánhuà Pīnyīn Fāng'àn}}).
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | * [http://www.cukda.com/ime/ Cukda Cantonese IME]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091208043921/http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/gzhhpy.htm 廣州話拼音方案 - GuangZhou Dialect (Cantonese) Romanization Scheme]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100111000957/http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/chaozhou.htm 潮州話拼音方案 - ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme]
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| − | * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100422235107/http://www.sungwh.freeserve.co.uk/chinese/meixian.htm 梅縣話拼音方案 - Meixian Dialect ( 客家 / Kejia / Hakka ) Romanization Scheme]
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| − | * [http://www.hainanese.lingd.net/article-3775105-1.html 海南话拼音文字方案 - The Hainanese Transliteration Scheme]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * {{cite book | author=Yang, Mingxin (杨明新) | title=A Concise Cantonese-English Dictionary (简明粤英词典) | publisher=Guangdong Higher Education Publishing House (广东高等教育出版社) | year=1999 | isbn=7-5361-2350-7}}
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| − | <!-- Guangdong Romanization -->
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| − | <!-- Cantonese Transliteration Scheme -->
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| − | <!-- Teochew Transliteration Scheme -->
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| − | [[Category:Cantonese romanisation]]
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| − | [[Category:Hakka Chinese]]
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| − | [[Category:Southern Min]]
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| − | [[Category:Chaoshan]]
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| − | [[Category:Hainan Min]]
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