| | [[分子人類学]]で用いられる、[[人類]]の[[ミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ]]（型集団）の分類のうち、[[ハプログループN (mtDNA)|ハプログループN]]の子系統「R9」を祖先に持ち「249d」、「6392」、「10310」などの特徴的変異をもつもので、サブクレードは、F1、F2、F3、F4などである<ref name = "Comas2004">David Comas, Stephanie Plaza, R. Spencer Wells ''et al.'', "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2004) 12, 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160</ref>。 | | [[分子人類学]]で用いられる、[[人類]]の[[ミトコンドリアDNAハプログループ]]（型集団）の分類のうち、[[ハプログループN (mtDNA)|ハプログループN]]の子系統「R9」を祖先に持ち「249d」、「6392」、「10310」などの特徴的変異をもつもので、サブクレードは、F1、F2、F3、F4などである<ref name = "Comas2004">David Comas, Stephanie Plaza, R. Spencer Wells ''et al.'', "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2004) 12, 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160</ref>。 |
| − | ハプログループFは、現在[[東南アジア]]最大規模の人口を持つ[[ハプログループ|グループ]]である<ref name = "Starikovskaya2005">Starikovskaya, E. B., Sukernik, R. I., Derbeneva, O. A., Volodko, N. V., Ruiz-Pesini, E., Torroni, A., Brown, M. D., Lott, M. T., Hosseini, S. H., Huoponen, K. and Wallace, D. C. (2005), "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups." ''Annals of Human Genetics'', 69: 67–89. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x</ref><ref name = "Hill2006">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "Phylogeography and Ethnogenesis of Aboriginal Southeast Asians," ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 23(12):2480–2491. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl124</ref><ref name = "Hill2007">Catherine Hill, Pedro Soares, Maru Mormina ''et al.'', "A Mitochondrial Stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia," ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007;80:29–43.</ref><ref name = "Wen2004">Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans," ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 74:856–865 (2004)</ref><ref name = "Wen2005">Bo Wen, Hui Li, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Genetic Structure of Hmong-Mien Speaking Populations in East Asia as Revealed by mtDNA Lineages," ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 22(3):725–734. (2005) doi:10.1093/molbev/msi055</ref><ref name = "Derenko2012">Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Denisova G, Perkova M, Rogalla U, ''et al.'' (2012), "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe." ''PLoS ONE'' 7(2): e32179. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179</ref><ref name = "Kaewsutthi2011">Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy," ''Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science'', June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7</ref><ref name = "Peng2010">Min-Sheng Peng, Huy Ho Quang, Khoa Pham Dang ''et al.'', "Tracing the Austronesian Footprint in Mainland Southeast Asia: A Perspective from Mitochondrial DNA," ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(10):2417–2430. 2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq131</ref><ref name = "Fuku2007">Noriyuki Fuku, Kyong Soo Park, Yoshiji Yamada ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial Haplogroup N9a Confers Resistance against Type 2 Diabetes in Asians," ''Am. J. Hum. Genet.'' 2007; 80:407–415. DOI: 10.1086/512202</ref><ref name = "Kim2008">Kim W, Yoo T-K, Shin D-J, Rho H-W, Jin H-J, ''et al.'' (2008) "Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Analysis Reveals no Association between the Common Genetic Lineages and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population." ''PLoS ONE'' 3(5): e2211. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002211</ref><ref name = "Tabbada2010">Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo ''et al.'', "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?," ''Mol. Biol. Evol.'' 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215</ref>。
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| − | 高頻度で見られる地域は、[[ニコバル諸島]]（50%）・[[インド]]の[[アルナーチャル・プラデーシュ州]]（31%）・[[ジャワ]]（28%）・[[小スンダ列島]]（23%）・[[中国大陸]]の[[長江]]以南（特に[[雲南省]]の[[ラフ族]]77%・[[広州]]26%）・[[ベトナム]]（26%）・[[ラオス]]・[[フィリピン]]（29%）・[[台湾原住民]]（27%）・[[日本]]（5.4%）などである<ref name="Derenko">Derenko, Miroslava 2007 [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B8JDD-4RDPT4J-G&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2ba830161765022702c2be673bc676a2 Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations] The American Journal of Human Genetics '''81''', 5, Nov 07, 1025–1041</ref>。全体として[[オーストロアジア語族|オーストロアジア系民族]]や[[オーストロネシア人|オーストロネシア系民族]]で高頻度である。[[中央アジア]]と[[メラネシア]]では低頻度であり、[[アメリカ大陸]]では検出されていない<ref name = "Bermisheva2002">M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region," ''Molecular Biology'', Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from ''Molekulyarnaya Biologiya'', Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.</ref><ref name = "Fornarino2009">Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation," ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' 2009, 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154</ref><ref name = "Pimenoff2008">Ville N Pimenoff, David Comas, Jukka U Palo ''et al.'', "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008) 16, 1254–1264; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101</ref>。[[北アジア]]でもほとんど観察されないが、例外的に[[ケット人]]においては23.7%の中頻度で観察される<ref> Starikovskaya, E. B.; Sukernik, R. I.; Derbeneva, O. A.; Volodko, N. V.; Ruiz-Pesini, E.; Torroni, A.; Brown, M. D.; Lott, M. T.; Hosseini, S. H.; Huoponen, K.; Wallace, D. C. (2005). "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Indigenous Populations of the Southern Extent of Siberia, and the Origins of Native American Haplogroups". Annals of Human Genetics. 69: 67–89. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00127.x. PMC 3905771Freely accessible. PMID 15638829.</ref>。
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| − | [[日本列島]]では、[[沖縄]]・[[宮崎県|宮崎]]をはじめ各府県にも分布し、[[北海道]]にも多少その痕跡が見られることから、[[縄文時代]]には既に[[南方諸島]]から北上したことがうかがえ、現在、[[日本人]]の約5.4%がこのハプログループFに属している<ref name = "Maruyama2003">Sayaka Maruyama, Kiyoshi Minaguchi, and Naruya Saitou, "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population," ''Int J Legal Med'' (2003) 117 : 218–225 DOI 10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2</ref><ref name = "Asari2007">Asari M ''et al.'', "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population," ''Leg Med'' (2007), doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007</ref><ref name = "Uchiyama2007">Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu ''et al.'', "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," ''Japanese Journal of Forensic Science and Technology'' 01/2007; 12(1):83-96. DOI:10.3408/jafst.12.83</ref>。
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